Text analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Text investigation - Essay Example Shockingly very little exertion on the depiction of the Africans Americans in the TV has been attempted (Campbell 11). Transporting and isolation have been the early types of prejudice related with the U.S. news throwing; these issues could fuel the whites to racial preference of the African Americans (Campbell 12). The writer has composed that Africans Americans were typically connected with destitution. They were over spoken to poor as indicated by the substance investigation of the creator (Campbell 12). By this examination of them been poor in the news TVs, Africans Americans could likewise bear issues related with neediness, for example, apathy and the under perception of the government assistance help (Campbell 13). Entman did an examination on this issue whereby his outcomes demonstrated that Africans Americans introduction happened to a great extent as wrongdoing casualties (Campbell 14). Africans Americans were bound to show up in wrongdoing destinations and as culprits in medicate issues on the greater part of the nearby news (Campbell 14). Another perception was that the Africans Americans political intrigue was ordinarily restricted in the news introduction (Campbell 15). This propagation required the Africans Americans to speak loudly to so as their hearing could happen (Campbell 15). The creator is demonstrating how generalizations, organize news, and present day bigotry identify with each other (Campbell 16). As per this documentation, Africans Americans are commonly connected with the jobs, for example, boisterous legislators, lawbreakers and poor residents on the updates on a neighborhood organize. The expansion in current prejudice prompts three parts (Campbell 16). First is the protection from the political requests of the African Americans, besides is the general threatening vibe that is depicted genuinely towards the Africans Americans, ultimately is the faith in the demise of bigotry and that the racial segregation no longer hinders the accomplishment of the African Americans (Campbell 17). As indicated by the creator, African

My business review of paultons park limited Assignment

My business survey of paultons park constrained - Assignment Example Moreover, the administration should audit their budgetary records with when arranging since the business is described by a move sought after at the commercial center, henceforth the requirement for legitimate administration as it has been the situation for a considerable length of time (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2010, p. 1304). For example in England, Paultons Park Limited is adding to the development of the economy in spite of the challenges in dealing with their activities. During flighty occasions, the administration is required to devise methods for continuing the travel industry exercises to guarantee that the adjustment in the commercial center doesn't prompt misfortunes in the travel industry organizations (Futrell, 2004). The measures can incorporate, making arrangements for the lodging of stroll in visitor in situations where request outperforms the flexibly, planning for the requirements of the customers and the representatives of the recreation center, and in conclusion , instituting approaches that will encourage income ages. In Europe, a greater part of visitor lean toward going to topical parks and this is one region in which Paultons has exploited; for example, the organizations has structured parks to provide food for the necessities of customers from various districts of the world (Yi-De, 2008,p 2). Besides, the organization has separated its exercises into diversion, instructive and refreshments administrations with amusement exercises including as the most favored projects by customers (PR Newswire 2007). In structuring their projects, Paultons should devise approaches to expand its income since rivalry is adding to the decrease in income at the organization. In 2008, the administration saw a decrease in income and this was because of the merciless rivalry from providers of friendliness administrations. The contenders of the organization are Disney, SeaWorld Parks and Clementon. The organizations offer administrations like Paultons Parkâ₠¬â„¢ administrations; in any case, there are contrasts in the way in which SeaWorld and Disney redoes their administrations to visitor. Instances of administrations that Paultons Park redoes incorporate diversion administrations, providing dinners together and banqueting (Sehlinger, Testa and Bleiberg, 2011, p. 180). From a money related point of view, rivalry is representing a test to Planktons Park restricted, and subsequently, rivalry is driving the administration to devise implies for managing the ferocious rivalry and one of the recommendations is the utilization of current offices at the recreation center. For this situation, Paultons Park constrained will put resources into PC programs that will help the administration in getting ready for the necessities of the organization. A preparation on non-monetary highlights of your chose firm The organization takes part in corporate social obligation capacities, for example, building shops and opening eateries to serve people in gene ral. The administration does this with the target of fortifying Paultons Park brand name (Nikolai, Bazley and Jones, 2010, p. 276). Halfway bookkeeping. Australia, South-Western/Cengage Learning. Therefore, the organization has gained notoriety for offering quality administrations to customers at reasonable expenses. Moreover, the recreation center takes part in protection exercises, for example, keeping up open offices like schools and this has built up the notoriety of the organization as being capable in their obligations. The organization offers workers rewards of their pay and what's more, representatives without rewards

The James Bulger Case Criminology Essay

The James Bulger Case Criminology Essay The 1993 murder of James Burger who was two years old by two ten-year olds shocked the UK nation and affected the society’s perception of children and the entire juvenile justice system. Jon Venables and Robert Thomson found guilty in that horrifying crime were subject to imprisonment until reaching their adulthood. They became the youngest murders charged and convicted in the present-day English history, whose criminal motives have never been discovered and explained.[1] Moreover, the investigation and decision of the James Burger case forced interaction and coordination between the successive governments, the media and the public discussing issues of human rights and child’s rights. Before the 1980s, the UK juvenile justice system had not practiced the use of custodial measures towards young offenders much. The new law[2] emphasised rehabilitation of juvenile offenders and their successful re-integration in society. In this respect, the modified juvenile justice law enforced imprisonment of young offenders for re-educating them within the criminal justice system for the benefits of society and their personal interest. In line with that change, the boys suspected of abducting and murdering Jamie Burger were immediately arrested and charged. They reached the age of 11 years when they faced the trial in an adult court and were sentenced to the detainment. The trial judge recommended the eight-year term of their imprisonment, while the Lord Chief Justice suggested the minimum of ten years in custody. The final decision by the then Home Secretary ascribed the convicted boys to stay in custody until 15 years when they would become eligible for release.[3] A raised tar iff was later challenged and debated by the advocated of child’s rights, the House of Lords and the European Court of Human Rights. As a result, the convicted murders were restored in their initial eight-year term.[4] The case of James Bulger received an extensive coverage in the popular media, scholarship and the public on the international scale. As such, pre-trial media coverage was further criticised for making witnesses and the jury prejudiced, which undermined fairness of trial procedures. During the trial, the media plays a vital role in informing the public about evidence provided in the court as well as giving their analyses and evaluations of boys’ behaviour in the court and reactions to the heard evidence. Radio, television and newspapers contributed greatly to the post-conviction coverage of the James Bulger case as well. The conducted murder of the two-year-old boy and its perception by the UK juvenile justice system produced a significant impact on the public opinion about juvenile criminals and risks associated with young perpetrators of crime. Indeed, the case enforced a new understanding of the child’s nature and a transition from the traditional association of children with i nnocence to the perception of them being dangerous and violent.[5] The announced decision on the James Bulger murders did not reduce the scholarly and public interest in the case. Moreover, social outcomes and the detriment of child’s rights were primary concern in further discussions and investigations. Contrary to the pre-trial publications dwelling on the horrifying nature of the crime and young age of murders, post-trial coverage pondered in the details of the charged case. Thus, security-camera surveillance images that presented the key piece of evidence against Jon Venables and Robert Thompson in the court were doubted as their quality and the captured body shapes did not give an objective justification of the guilt of the convicted boys.[6] Another point of criticism concerning the quick conviction and imprisonment of James Bulger murders referred to the ignored responsibility of society for creating risk factors and facilitating child’s violence. Violence in childhood is not a reflection of individual’s personality trait, but an outcom e of unfriendly environments, low living conditions and poor functioning families experienced by children.[7] Therefore, the James Bulger case was not that clear; it identified weaknesses in the social policy of the UK nation. Bibliography Criminal Justice Act 1991 Franklin, Bob and Julian Petley, ‘Killing the Age of Innocence: Newspaper Reporting of the Death of James Burger’ in Jane Pilcher and Stephen Wong (eds), Thatcher’s Children?: Politics, Childhood and Society in the 1980s and 1990s (Routledge 2005) Howe, Brian and Katherine Covell, Children, Families and Violence: Challenges for Children’s Rights (Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2008) Jenks, Chris, Childhood: Critical Concepts in Sociology (Taylor Francis 2005) Kember, Sarah, Virtual Anxiety: Photography, New Technologies and Subjectivity (Manchester University Press 1998) Smith, David James, The Sleep of Reason: The James Burger Case (Faber and Faber Ltd 2011) Webley, Lise and Harriet Samuels, Complete Public Law: Text, Cases and Materials (Oxford University Press 2015) [1] David James Smith, The Sleep of Reason: The James Burger Case (Faber and Faber Ltd 2011) xi-xiii [2] Criminal Justice Act 1991 [3] Lise Webley and Harriet Samuels, Complete Public Law: Text, Cases and Materials (Oxford University Press 2015) 519 [4] Chris Jenks, Childhood: Critical Concepts in Sociology (Taylor Francis 2005) 165 [5] Bob Franklin and Julian Petley, ‘Killing the Age of Innocence: Newspaper Reporting of the Death of James Burger’ in Jane Pilcher and Stephen Wong (eds), Thatcher’s Children?: Politics, Childhood and Society in the 1980s and 1990s (Routledge 2005) 136 [6] Sarah Kember, Virtual Anxiety: Photography, New Technologies and Subjectivity (Manchester University Press 1998) 63 [7] Brian Howe and Katherine Covell, Children, Families and Violence: Challenges for Children’s Rights (Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2008) 10

The Questions Every Entrepreneur Must Answer - 6813 Words

†¢ , what are my goals} Do I have the right strategy^ Can I execute the strategy I The Questions Every Entrepreneur by Amar Bhide Of the hundreds of thousands of husiness ventures that entrepreneurs launch every year, many never get off the ground. Others fizzle after spectacular rocket starts. A six-year-old condiment company has attracted loyal custoiners but has achieved less than $500,000 in sales. The company s gross margitis can t cover its overhead or provide adequate incomes for the founder and the family members who participate in the business. Additional growth will require a huge capital infusion, but investors and potential buyers aren t keen on srnall, rnarginally profitable ventures, and the family has†¦show more content†¦Instead, it helps entrepreneurs pose useful questions, identify itnportant issues, and evaluate solutions. The framework applies whether the enterprise is a stnall printing shop trying to stay in husiness or a catalog retailer seeking hundreds of milliotis of dollars in sales. And it works at almost any point in a venture s evolution. Entrepreneurs should use the framew ork to evaluAmai Bhide is an associate professor at the Harvard Business School in Boston, Massachusetts, where he leaches entiepreneurship. He has published two other HBR articles on entrepreneurship: Bootstrap Finance: The Art of Start-ups (Novemher-Deeemher 1992} and How Entrepreneurs Craft Strategies That Work (March-April 1994). 121 QUESTIONS FOR ENTREPRENEURS ate their companies position and trajectory often not just when problems appear. The framework consists of a three-step sequence of questions. The first step clarifies entrepreneurs current goals, the second evaluates their strategies for attaining those goals, and the third helps them assess their capacity to execute their strategies. The hierarchical organization of the questions requires entrepreneurs to confront the basic, big-picture issues hefore they think about refinements and details. (See the exhibit An Entrepreneur s Guide to the Big Issues.) This approach does not assume that all companies-or all entrepreneurs - develop in the same way, so it does notShow MoreRelatedQuestions Every Entrepreneur Must Answer -Summary Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesThe questions every entrepreneur must answer Preface Entrepreneurs must continually ask themselves what business they want to be in and what capabilities they would like to develop. The Entrepreneur must distinguish critical issues from normal growing pains (divide and conquer). The options that are appropriate for one entrepreneurial venture may be completely inappropriate for another. The article’s suggested framework: The first step clarifies the entrepreneurs’ current goals. The secondRead MoreA Brief Note On Effective Social Media Marketing Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor Lori A Manns Social media is here to stay. As an entrepreneur or small business owner if you re not using it to grow your business you are missing out. I am sure you have seen the statistics by now. In 2015, 73 percent of U.S. Americans had a social network profile, representing a six percent growth compared to the previous year according to Statista. The numbers do not lie. Social media is a way of life all over the globe. As an entrepreneur or small business owner if you re not using socialRead MoreUses of Scientific Methods in Business1174 Words   |  5 Pagesthings look or act the way they do. Scientific research consists of intrusiveness, observations, experiments and evaluations. It attempts to use these to answer questions about what causes differing phenomena. 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On the otherRead MoreHow The Business Run Base On 3 Essential Elements917 Words   |  4 PagesPart three of The Lean Startup talked about how to make your entrepreneur go smoothly. Eric Ries, the author of this book, gave us an idea about how the business run base on 3 essential elements: Build, Measure, and Learn. In Eric’s opinion, build means turn your ideas into product, and keep going with that idea. However, when you carry out that idea, you must capture your customer’s need to minimize wasted product. Furthermore, measure in Eric’s perspective means see how customer responds by observingRead MoreCase Study Guidelines Motivation and Leadership Essay689 Words   |  3 PagesCompany Todd McFarlane, president and CEO of the McFarlane Companies, is an entrepreneur who understands the importance of product development. Comics, sports, toys, and rock-and-roll have all benefited from his creativity. 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According to Thiel, in order to create a successful business the founder must create a new product that has never been done before. He talks about the horizontal and vertical process of businesses. The horizontal process focuses on the idea of doing more of what is already workingRead MoreThe Importance Of Literacies On Entrepreneurial Endeavors1425 Words   |  6 Pagescornerstone for modern progress and creation of new ideas, or entrepreneurship. Becoming a successful entrepreneur is dependent on possessing and improving upon the ability to read text, people, and situations. Literacies are integrated into the nature of entrepreneurship, as will be discussed with a current successful business owner, and the ability to be literate can determine success as an entrepre neur. Literacy is a very common word. However, in such an advanced world, the definition of literacy has

A Cure for Cancer Essay - 3018 Words

For years people have been looking for a cure for the devastating disease of cancer. Cancer is the third highest killer in the US with over 2,500,000 victims per year. Oncologists and scientists around the country are researching all forms of cancer in an effort to understand, treat, and ultimately defeat this disease. Already there have been numerous advances in the field, such as chemotherapy and gene therapy. One advance has been the use of a cell process known as apoptosis. By harnessing this normal cell process, scientists hope to have found an effective way to combat cancer. Cancer is a disease that affects human somatic cells. It causes the cells to divide uncontrollably and form masses known as tumors. There are two different†¦show more content†¦This process uses enzymes to cut and insert piece of DNA into a plasmid vector. This vector is then transfected into cells. The different pieces of DNA that were being inserted into this plasmid were a control and three different mutants (an alpha-5-tailless mutant, full-length alpha-5, and full-length alpha-2). These pieces of DNA code for integrins. Once these pieces of DNA were inserted into the plasmid vector, the plasmid needed to be inserted into a cell where it would be able to replicate. In these tests, rat intestinal epithelial wild-type cells (cells that would be found in nature, not cells grown in the laboratory) were used. To insert the plasmid into these cells lipofectamine plus was used. Lipofectamine plus acts like a detergent and opens the membrane of the cell so the plasmid can enter. Also, the plasmids that were transfected into cells were all treated with G-418, an antibiotic. When the cells were plated and allowed to multiply, only those containing the plasmid with the antibiotic would live. This made it possible to know which cells actually received the plasmid and properly underwent mitosis, and to eliminate those cells that never took up the plasmid in the first place. To collect the cells that underwent a stable transfection, the cell lines were treated with antibodies. These antibodies hooked onto the cells that had integrins along their membrane. The antibody had a tail that contained a tiny magnetic bead at the end, so the magnet wouldShow MoreRelatedIs Cancer A Cure For Cancer?857 Words   |  4 PagesCancer is figured to be the second leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With approximately 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer related deaths in 2012, alone .Why are so many people stuck suffering with this deadly disease? Millions of dollars have been invested into cancer research, yet there is no cure. Are these pharmaceutical companies focus on finding a cure for cancer or concentrating on elongated treatments in order to lengthen their pockets? We must first understandRead MoreCancer : A Cure For Cancer1465 Words   |  6 PagesThere is No Cure Over 1,665,540 people were diagnosed and 585,720 people died from cancer in 2014 (â€Å"Cancer Facts†). Cancer will eventually take over because there is no cure. Many people have devoted their entire lives to finding a cure for cancer. Billions of dollars have been put into research. Unfortunately, most people have come up short in finding a definite way of curing cancer. Cancer has many different treatments that vary out of these main treatments: chemotherapy, radiation, and surgeryRead MoreThe Kanzius Machine : A Cancer Cure?973 Words   |  4 Pages1. The Kanzius Machine: A Cancer Cure? CBSNews. CBS Interactive. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. This article talks about the Kanzius Machine this is actually an interview broadcast published by CBSNews. 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IRead MoreCancer Fighting Foods - Cure Your Self Of Cancer1584 Words   |  7 PagesCancer Fighting Foods - Cure Your Self of Cancer By Carol E Patterson | Submitted On January 04, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 4 Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Carol E Patterson Cancer cells are always presentRead MoreWhat Can You Cure Cancer?1626 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Learning how to cure cancer is one of the most asked questions in the medical field today. While this question hasn’t been answered, medical professionals know how it is started and some ways of preventing certain types of cancer. These tips do not guarantee that an individual won’t get this disease, but they up their chances of avoiding it. 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Night World Witchlight Chapter 17 Free Essays

Not for the dragon. She jumped for the tree. It was a good, tall loblolly pine, whose drooping lower branches didn’t look as if they could support a kitten. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Witchlight Chapter 17 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But Keller didn’t need support. As she leaped, she changed, pushing it as fast as she could. She reached the tree with four paws full of lethal claws extended. And she ran straight up the vertical surface. Her claws sank into the clean, cinnamon trunk, and she shot up like a rocket. When she got high enough to be obscured by the dull-green needles on the droopy branches, she launched herself into the air again. It was a desperate move, betting everything on one blind spring. But it was all she could think of. She could never take the dragon in a fair fight. She was betting on her claws. In the wild, a panther could shear the head off a deer with a single swipe. Keller was going for the horns. She came down right on target. The dragon made the mistake of looking up at her, maybe thinking that she was trying to get behind it, to land on its back again and kill it. Or maybe thinking that she might see the pale face of an innocent girl and hesitate. Whatever it thought, it was a mistake. Keller was already slashing as she landed. A single deadly swipe with all her power behind it. Her claws peeled the forehead off the creature in a spray of blood and flesh. The screaming roar almost burst her eardrums. It was the sound she’d heard before in the mall, a sound so deep in pitch that she felt it as much as heard it. It shook her bones, and it reverberated in every tree and in the red clay of the ground. And that was another mistake, although Keller didn’t know it at once. At the same instant as she heard the roar, she felt the pain. The dark power crackled through her like a whiplash and tore her own involuntary scream from her. It was worse than the first time she’d felt it, ten times worse, maybe more. The dragon was much stronger. And it followed her. Like a real whip, it flashed across the clearing after her. It hit her again as she hit the ground, and Keller screamed again. It hurt. She tried to scrabble away, but the pain made her weak, and she fell over on her side. And then the black energy hit her right shoulder-exactly where it had hit the first time in the mall. Keller saw white light. And then she was falling in darkness. Her last thought was, I didn’t get it. I couldn’t have. It still has power. Diana, I’m sorry†¦ She stopped feeling anything. She opened her eyes slowly. Hurts†¦ She was looking up at the dragon. It had dropped Iliana; Keller couldn’t see where. And it was staring down at her in malevolent fury, obviously waiting for her to wake up so she could feel it when it killed her. When he killed her. He’d taken on the shape he’d been wearing in the beginning. A young man with clean, handsome features and a nicely muscled if compact body. Black hair that shed rainbow colors under the moonlight and looked as fine and soft as her own fur. And those obsidian eyes. It was hard to look away from those eyes. They seemed to capture her gaze and suck her in. They were so much more like stones than eyes, silver-black, shiny stones that seemed to reflect all light out again. But when she managed to drag her gaze upward, she felt a thrill of hope. His forehead was a bleeding ruin. She had gotten him. Her slash had carved a nice hamburger-sized piece out of his scalp. Somewhere on the ground in the clearing were two little stubby horns. But only two; there were three left on his head. He must have turned at the last instant. Keller would have cursed if she had a human throat. â€Å"How’re you feeling?† the dragon said, and leered at her form under the gory mess of his scalp. Keller tried to snarl at him and realized that she did have a human throat. She must have collapsed back into her half-and-half form, and she was too weak to change back again. â€Å"Having trouble?† the dragon asked. Keller croaked, â€Å"You should never have come back.† â€Å"Wrong,† the dragon said. â€Å"I like the modern world.† â€Å"You should have stayed asleep. Who woke you up?† She was buying time, of course, to try and regain some strength. But she also truly wanted to know. The dragon laughed. â€Å"Someone,† he said. â€Å"Someone you’ll never know. A witch who isn’t a witch. We made our own alliance.† Keller didn’t understand, and her brain was too fuzzy to deal with it. But just at that moment, she noticed something else. Movement behind the dragon. The figures that had been lying on the ground were stirring. And they were doing it stealthily, in ways that showed they were awake and with their wits about them. They were alive. She could see Galen’s head lift, with moonlight shining on his hair as he looked at her. She could see Winnie turn toward Iliana and begin to crawl. She could see Nissa’s shoulders hump and then fall back. Later, when they were asked, they would all say the same thing had brought them to awareness: a deep rumbling sound that vibrated in their bones. The dragon’s roar. Or, at least, three of them would say that. Galen would always say that all he heard was Keller’s scream and his eyes came open. The surge of hope she felt made Keller’s heart beat hard and wiped away the pain-for the moment, at least. But she was terrified of giving the dragon some clue. She didn’t dare look at Galen any longer. She stared at the dragon’s black stone eyes and thought with all her strength, Get away. Get away, take the Jeep, take Diana. He may not be able to follow you. Run. â€Å"Your time’s over,† she told the dragon out loud. â€Å"The shapeshifters don’t want you anymore. Everything has changed.† â€Å"And it’s changing again,† the dragon said. â€Å"The end of the world is coming, and the beginning of a new one. It’s time for everything that’s sleeping to wake back up again.† Keller had a horrified vision of hundreds of dragons being dug up and brought back to life. But there was something going on in the clearing that was even more horrifying to her. Galen wasn’t getting away. He was slithering on his stomach toward her. And Winnie, the idiot, was beside Diana nowbut she wasn’t dragging her to the Jeep. She seemed to be whispering to her. Keller felt a hot wave of utter desperation. What can I do? If the dragon sees them, they’re all dead. There’s nothing any of them can do against him. Galen’s not a warrior-he can’t change. Nissa looks too hurt to move. Winnie’s orange fire won’t even singe the dragon. And Diana will get swatted like a butterfly. They can’t do anything. I have to. She was so tired and hurt, and her claws were much less lethal than in her full panther form. But she had to do it, and she had to do it now. â€Å"Go back where you came from!† she shouted. She bunched her muscles and jumped. Right for him. Straight on. That was what took him by surprise, the sheer insanity of the attack. He threw the black energy at her, but he couldn’t stop her leap. Her claws ripped into his forehead again, and then she fell back. The dragon’s scream split the heavens. Dizzy with pain and shock, Keller stared at him, hoping desperately†¦ But she’d taken only one horn off. He still had two. He thrashed around in wounded fury, then threw the dark power at her again. Keller shuddered and lost her balance. She crashed to the ground and lay there, limp. â€Å"Keller!† The scream was full of such raw anguish that it hurt Keller’s throat to hear it. It made her heart throb hard and then fall in sick dismay. Galen, no, she thought. Don’t bother with me. You have to get Iliana away. â€Å"Keller!† he screamed again, and then he was beside her, holding her. â€Å"No . ? .† she whispered. She couldn’t say more than that. She looked at him pleadingly with the eyes of a dumb beast. If he died, too, it would make her own death meaningless. The dragon was still screaming, both hands to his forehead. He seemed to be too angry to attack. â€Å"Keller, hang on. Please, you have to hang on.† Galen was dripping tears on her face. â€Å"Run†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she whispered. Instead, he did the most gallant thing she had ever seen. He was already holding her, his shaky hand stroking the hair off her face, brushing one of her tufted ears. Now, suddenly, he gripped her hard, and his expression changed. His jaw tightened, and a white line showed around his mouth. And his eyes†¦ seemed to darken and glow red. Too late, Keller realized. He was taking her impression. Learning her shape. No. You were meant to be something gentle. Galen stood up. And changed. But something was a little off. Maybe it was the fact that he had to hurry when he took the impression, or some extra twist from his own genes. Because, instead of becoming a soot-black panther, he became a gleaming golden leopard. The same animal. Different colors. This leopard was the dark rich gold of Galen’s hair, and its eyes were the incredible green of his eyes. He was marked with perfect black rosettes, each with an even darker gold center. His body was sleek and supple and almost seven feet long with the tail. He was a big leopard, at least a hundred and sixty pounds. And before Keller had time to think, he was in motion. A good spring. Untutored but full of the real killer instinct. The coughing yell he let out as he jumped was the kind a cat makes when its fury is too great to hold in. The dragon whirled to face him. But it was too late. Once again, the crackling dark power hit but couldn’t stop the rush. The dragon’s human body couldn’t fend off a hundred and sixty pounds of solid feline muscle. Keller saw Galen swipe. The dragon bellowed, clapping a hand to his head. And Keller wanted to cheer. She couldn’t. She didn’t have the strength left. But her heart was singing inside her with sheer pride. You did it. Oh, Galen, my prince, you did it. She saw his body falling, struck by the black energy. She saw it hit the ground and lie still. And she was sorry that they were both going to die. But with the dragon dead, too, and Iliana alive, there would still be hope. There would be people to carry on. Then she looked at the dragon, and time stopped, and her heart turned to ice. He still had a horn left. The one right in the middle. They hadn’t done it after all. He still had power. He was going to kill them now, and Iliana, too. And neither she nor Galen could do anything to stop him. The noises the dragon was making were beyond description. He seemed to be out of his mind in pain and fury. And then Keller realized that it was more than that. He was screaming in sheer blood-lust-and he was changing. So strange-she hadn’t even thought about the dragon changing before. But she could take on most animals. She knew to go for the juncture between head and neck for rhinos, the belly for a lion. But this†¦ what it was shifting into†¦ No. I don’t believe it, Keller thought. It looked more like a moth being born than a shapeshifter changing. It split its human skin like a chrysalis. More of the yellowish liquid she had seen on Jaime’s cheek oozed from the splits. And what was revealed underneath was hard and greenish-yellow, flat, smooth. Scaly. The smell was the smell from the basement Sickly-sweet, pungent, an odor to make your stomach lurch. Powerful back legs bunched, and the figure grew and stood against the moonlit sky. It was huge. In her mind, Keller saw a scene from the past. Iliana, her violet eyes huge, saying, â€Å"He can turn into a dragon?† And Keller’s scornful answer, â€Å"No, of course not. Don’t be silly.† Wrong, Keller thought. It actually looked more like velociraptor than a dragon. Too big-it was more than fifteen feet long, counting the powerful tail. But it had the same look of alien intelligence, the same reptilian snout, the same saberlike hind claws. It’s not a mindless animal, Keller thought. It’s smart. It even has things like hands on its forelegs; It’s where evolution took a different turn. And it had power. Maybe more power this way than in its human form. Keller could feel its mind even at this distance, the terrible ancient core of hatred and malice, the endless thirst for blood. It opened its mouth, and for an instant Keller expected to see fire. But what came out was a roar that showed huge spiky teeth-and a flood of black energy. The dark power crackled around it like an aura of lightning. Nothing-no shapeshifter, no witch, no vampire-could stand against this creature. Keller knew that absolutely. That was when she saw Iliana getting up. Stay down, you idiot! Keller thought. Iliana stood straight. There’s no point, don’t attract its attention†¦ â€Å"Azhdeha!† Iliana shouted. And the monster turned. There they were, the maiden and the dragon, face to face. Iliana looked twice as small as ever before in contrast to this giant. Her silver-gold hair was blowing loose in the wind, and her dress shimmered around her. She was so delicate, so graceful-and so fragile, standing there like a lily swaying on its stalk. I can’t watch, Keller thought. I can’t see this. Please†¦ â€Å"Azhdeha!† Iliana said, and her voice was sweet but ringing and stern. â€Å"Hashteher! Tiamat!† It’s a spell, Keller thought. Winnie taught her a spell? When they were lying there, whispering together? But what kind of spell would Winnie know against dragons? â€Å"Poisonous Serpent! Cold-blooded Biter! Rasta-ban! Anguis!† No, they’re names, Keller realized slowly. Its names. Dragon names. Old names. â€Å"I am a witch and the daughter of a witch. Mine was the hand that took your power; mine was the hand that buried you in silence. Hecate was the most ancient of my mothers. Hecate’s hand is my hand now.† Winnie couldn’t have taught her that. Nobody could have taught her that. No witch alive today. Keller could see Winnie’s pale face watching in surprise from beyond Iliana, her eyes and mouth dark O’s. â€Å"Mine is the hand that sends you back!† Diana’s palms were cupped now, and orange fire crackled between them. Keller’s heart plummeted. Golden-orange fire. Witch fire. It was impressive, from a girl who’d never been trained, but it wasn’t nearly enough. It was about as dangerous to the dragon as a firefly. She heard Winnie’s voice in the silence, small and frightened but determined. â€Å"Aim for the horn!† The dragon threw back its head and laughed. That was what it looked like, anyway. What came out was a roar like all the other roars and a belch of black energy that fountained skyward. But in her head, Keller heard maniacal laughter. Then it swung its head back down and pointed the horn straight at Iliana. Die! it said. The word wasn’t spoken but sent on a cold wave of pure energy. â€Å"Mine is the power of the ages† Iliana shouted back. â€Å"Mine is the power-â€Å" The golden flare in her palms was changing, blazing white, blinding hot†¦ â€Å"-OF THE END OF THE WORLD!† Something like a supernova was born between her hands. The tight shot up and out, exploding. It was impossible to look at. And it was no longer white but dazzling, lightning-brilliant blue. The blue fire. The Wild Power had awakened. I knew it, Keller thought I knew it all along. Keller couldn’t see what happened to the dragon; the light was simply too bright. While it flared around her, she was bathed in radiance that seemed to shine through her, humming inside her and lighting up her bones. She tried to lift her own hand and saw nothing but a vague rainbow shape. But she heard the dragon’s scream. Not low like the roar but high and squealing, a sound like icicles driving into her ears. It went up and up, higher in pitch until even Keller couldn’t track it. And then there was a thin sound like distant glass shattering, and then there was no sound at all. There were shooting stars in the blue-white light. For the second time that evening, Keller fainted. â€Å"Boss! Please, Boss, hurry. Wake up!† Keller blinked open her eyes. Galen was holding her. He was human. So was she. And Winnie and Nissa were trying to drag both of them somewhere. Keller gazed up into those gold-green eyes. The exact color of a leopard’s, she thought. Only leopards don’t cry, and his were brimming with tears. She lifted a languorous hand and stroked his cheek. He cupped his own hand over it. Keller couldn’t think. There were no words in her mind. But she was glad to be here with him, for this last moment in the moonlight. It had all been worth it â€Å"Boss, please!† Winnie was almost crying, too. â€Å"Let me die in peace,† Keller said, although she didn’t realize she was saying it aloud until she heard the words. Then she added, â€Å"Don’t you cry, Winfrith. You did a good job.† â€Å"Boss, you’re not dying! The blue fire did something-it healed us. We’re all okay. But it’s almost midnight!† Keller bunked. She blinked again. Her body didn’t hurt anymore. She’d assumed it was the blessed numbness that comes just before death. But now she realized that it wasn’t. Her blood was running in her veins; her muscles felt firm and strong. She didn’t even have a headache. She stared beyond Winnie to the girl in white. Diana was still slight and childlike, almost fairy-like of figure. But something had changed about her. At first, Keller thought she looked as distant and beautiful as a star, but then she smiled and wasn’t distant at all. She was simply more beautiful than the dreams of mortals. And really shining with her own light. It pooled around her in soft, silvery radiance. Keller had never seen a Wild Power do that before, not on any of the tapes. But she’s not just a Wild Power, the voice in her head whispered. She’s the Witch Child. And Goddess alone knows all that she’s meant to do. For a moment, Keller felt so awed that it was almost like unhappiness. But then Winnie’s message finally sank in. She snapped her head up. â€Å"Midnight?† â€Å"Yes!† Winnie said frantically. Keller bolted upright. â€Å"Nissa?† â€Å"Right here, Boss.† Keller felt a flood of relief. Nissa was the one who had seemed closest to death on the ground there. But now she was standing on her own two feet, looking cool and imperturbable, even though her shirt was bloody and in rags. â€Å"Nissa, can you drive that Jeep? Can you figure out how to get to Charlotte?† â€Å"I think so. Boss.† Keller had never been so grateful to hear that calm voice in her life. She jumped up. â€Å"Then let’s go!† How to cite Night World : Witchlight Chapter 17, Essay examples

How Did the Roman Empire Maintain Its Power free essay sample

Julius Caesar’s ascension to power marked the time from where the Romans steadily expanded their territory and by the time the Roman Republic dissolved and the Roman Empire emerged, the Empire had become so big that the Romans had then to face the problem of maintaining their empire. The Roman Empire maintained its power by romanizing everyone and everything they conquered, through good governance, client kings and their skilled military. The first thing the Romans did after conquering a land was romanizing everyone and everything in it. The Romans defined themselves, their political and cultural concepts and everything they did by the term â€Å"Romanitas† which means Roman-ness. Instead of enslaving all the people from the conquered lands, the Roman Empire gave them the chance to become Roman citizens. The newly Romanized citizens would have all the rights and privileges offered to all the other citizens who were Romans by birth. This law was passed under the Edict of Caracalla (212 A. D). The Romans were all educated. Girls were taught household skills like cooking, sewing, etc while the boys were sent to â€Å"school† to be taught subjects like literature. For example, the Patrician boys were taught poetry, literature, history, geography, mythology, Greek, public speaking and law. The Romans imposed their language and currency in every place they conquered. The Romans believed that one of the keys to successfully maintaining an empire was by having one language and one currency throughout the empire. The Roman language was Latin and their currency consisted of gold, silver, brass and copper coins. Unlike the other empires that forced their religion on the people of the conquered lands, the Roman Empire adapted and adopted religious beliefs. The naturalized Romans could follow their religion but they also had to respect the polytheistic religion of the empire. This worked quite well until 3 A. D when Christianity became the main religion of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire also made sure that its citizens were happy and comfortable by building roads, bath-houses, temples, theatres. For example, the Baths of Caracalla built by the emperor Caracalla were the second largest public baths in Rome; Emperor Hadrian constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma, etc. The Roman Empire improved their relationship with their surrounding states by building roads. Better roads lead to better communication and transportation which will facilitate trade which in turn brings wealth and power to the Empire and this means the standard of living will be high for the Roman citizens. The Roman emperors were not a band of crazed, power-hungry rulers. They co-operated with the local rulers and even granted them a limited amount of power. This cooperation was maintained through the appointment of client kings in conquered lands that were a bit far away from Rome. The client kings were non-Roman rulers of specific lands who enjoyed Roman patronage. The client kings were granted local autonomy. These kings could control their own economies (the coins they minted bore their image along with the emperor’s); they had the right to raise and retain an army, and pursue independent foreign policies that did not interfere with the Roman Empire’s interests. The client kings also had to make sure that the taxes reached Rome smoothly and that the Roman citizens they were looking after were happy (basically, make sure they did not revolt). Despite all this, the client kings were not treated as equals to the emperor. The client kings could not be assured of permanent power. The rapidly expanding Roman Empire would mean that the small semi-autonomous states would soon be non-existent as Romans would not have to worry about revolts if everything was under their control. If the Roman Empire decided to conquer the client kingdoms completely, the latter would not stand a chance. An example of a client king was Herod the great of Judea. Herod is well known for being a murderous madman who had â€Å"colossal building projects† in Jerusalem. Through client kings, the Roman Empire created a balance in which they maintained their multilateral relationships with the client kingdoms but they also made sure that their authority was felt by the client kings by granting them limited and fickle power. The powerful and well known Roman army was another key factor in maintaining the empire. The Roman army was large, well equipped, well trained, disciplined and skilled military force that was stationed throughout the empire to prevent uprisings and crush rebellion. Military training was a very important and arduous affair in the Roman Empire. It was essential for each soldier to achieve a high level of skill in fighting and using their weapons. They also had to march 30 kilometers 3 times a month wearing 20kg armor, do drills twice a day, learn to build camps, swim, mount and ride a horse and fight mock battles. The Roman army was quite ruthless when it came to crushing rebellion. They did not hesitate to hurt or even slaughter the people who went against the Roman rule. They also enslaved the rebels and confiscated their property. The indifferent cruelty shown by the Roman army did not leave much room for rebellion and even if there were revolts, the expert Roman army would not really face any big problems in pulverizing the enemy. One famous rebellion against the Roman rule was led by Queen Boudicca of Great Britain. Boudicca was the queen of the Iceni tribe and she posed as a threat to the Roman rulers of Britain in 60 A. D when she rebelled against the Romans because the Romans looted the territories left by Boudicca’s late husband to their daughters. Boudicca also claimed that the Romans had flogged her and raped her daughters. When Boudicca’s army first started attacking the Romans, they were able to defeat the Roman army even though they were disorganized because the Romans were concentrating their efforts somewhere else. The Boudiccan army went around massacring entire villages and Roman soldiers until the Roman historian Suetonius returned with his previously defeated 9th Legion. This time, Boudicca’s army was facing the â€Å"classic† tactful and disciplined Roman army so they were easily defeated. The number of both Roman and British deaths is disputable but according to Tacitus, a Roman writer, 80 000 Britons died and 400 Romans lost their lives. This was a major victory for the Romans. For any empire to maintain its power, it needs good and effective governance. The Romans had strong leaders such as Augustus, Constantine the Great, Caracalla, Hadrian, etc. It was Roman policy to respect the Roman laws in order to maintain social stability. Examples of Roman laws were the â€Å"Lex Papia Poppaea† introduced in 9 A. D to encourage and strengthen marriage and the â€Å"Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis† introduced in 18 B. C that stated that any â€Å"conjugal unfaithfulness† to the public or any private offense could be punishable by banishment or even death. The Roman emperors’ power was also transmitted through arts and literature and the Empire convinced people of the divinity of the emperor. The emperors’ presence was felt everywhere; they were represented as the â€Å"agents of God on earth, charged with crushing paganism and heresy† (imperial cult). The Romans told the Roman citizens very descriptive and explicit stories of battles fought by the Roman army and Rome was represented as a peaceful and law- abiding city while the â€Å"enemy cities† were seen as â€Å"barbaric, lawless and dangerous†. Fear of the Roman Empire was instilled in the conquered lands through stories of battles and the cruel treatment of Christians in the amphitheaters. The Christians in the Roman Empire refused to follow the polytheistic religion of the empire along with Christianity so they were killed in the most brutal ways. In the amphitheaters, the Romans watched the Gladiators (men trained to fight with weapons against other men or wild animals in an arena) stand in triumph or die in a flash and the Christians were torn on racks, fried in iron chairs, tossed by bulls and torn limb from limb by hungry lions. The Roman Empire successfully managed to maintain their power by giving all the inhabitants of the conquered areas a sense of belonging by giving them the chance to become Roman citizens and providing them with facilities and services like roads and education, better trade opportunities, etc. The Roman Empire also took up the system of client kings to ensure smooth running of the empire. But they also made sure no conflict would break out through a good but â€Å"controlling† governance and their military prowess. The Roman Empire truly demonstrated its maintenance and leadership qualities through a combination of tact and authority and it is quite remarkable how they were able to maintain such a large empire for as long as they did.

Paper Analysis Instructional Document about Plagiarism and the Internet

Introduction Instructional documents are a valuable way of passing information to a desired audience. The effectiveness of these documents can be increased or hampered by the choices made in their creation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Paper Analysis: Instructional Document about Plagiarism and the Internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recently, I undertook the task of making an instructional document about plagiarism and the internet with my intended audience being Saudi students. The major aim of the document was to persuade the students to avoid this counterproductive habit in their school work. In this paper, I will analyze the choices in style and content that I made while creating my instructional document on plagiarism. This analysis will include an in depth look at the effectiveness of the format choice, color choice and the tone used in conveying the message. I will also address the les s successful choices that I made in the presentation. This detailed analysis of the instructional document will enable me to review the successful choices that were made and gauge their effectiveness. Things that could have been done to improve the document will also be addressed. Successful Choices The instructional document was about plagiarism and the aim of the text was to persuade Saudi Students to desist from engaging in this practice. As a tool of persuasion, the document appealed to the desire by students to succeed. It did this by stressing on the seriousness of plagiarism and highlighting the negative outcomes of plagiarism such as; expulsion from school and a bad reputation for the student for the rest of their education and careers. In Saudi Arabia, success is greatly valued and a student who succeeds is seen as having brought pride and glory to his family. The student who fails on the other hand brings shame to his family. The document goes on to remind the student that ignorance of plagiarism is not an excuse for engaging in this activity. As such, the student who plagiarizes by mistake will still face the harsh consequences. Throughout the paper, orange and red have been used as the background color. This is significant since in Saudi Arabia, the colors orange and red are used to represent danger. By using these colors in the instructional document, the audience is reminded of the gravity of the matter and the danger that can arise from engaging in plagiarism. Naturally, Saudi students are socialized to avoid unnecessary dangers at all time. The use of orange and red all through the document reminds the students that the subject matter is grave and therefore due attention should be given.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It can therefore be expected that the students took the instructional document seriously. The theme colors used is con sistent all through the presentation. This is a successful choice since it gives the paper a uniform feel. The audience is therefore not distracted as would be the case if each slide had a different color theme. Without these distractions, it can be assumed that the audience is able to pay closer attention to the message that is being communicated through the presentation. A major factor in effective communication is presenting information in a manner that is relevant to the audience. The information presented in the instructional document is concise and easily understood. For example, the paper makes use of short sentences whose meaning is easily understood by the students. This is a significant strength since the audience can at a glance get the message that is being communicated. The use of bullets in some of the pages enhances the readability of the document therefore making it an efficient communication tool. My text formatting in the document therefore enhanced the ability of the document to achieve its role of persuading students against plagiarism. The document made very good use of images to enhance the message being communicated. To begin with, the first page made use of a Mosque which is a very significant symbol in Saudi Arabia. The use of this religious image was very helpful in persuading the students not to engage in plagiarism since Islam is the foundation of the Saudi community. The document appeals to the religious basis since Islam does not approve of practices such as plagiarizing. Another image used is in the fourth slide, which has a background with the letter â€Å"F†. For many educational institutes, â€Å"F† is the grade that represents a fail. This image is used on the same page where the consequences of plagiarism are being discussed. By using this background, the audience is reminded of the fact a common consequences of plagiarism is failing in the course. The students are therefore persuaded to avoid plagiarizing or f ace the risk of attaining the â€Å"F† grade in their courses. The tone used to pass information is very important since it influences the readiness of the audience to receive the information. The attitude of the audience towards the message can also be impacted by the tone used. In my instructional document, I used a solemn but respectful tone. Respect is of great importance in the Saudi Arabian culture and one is expected to be respectful to others at all time. By using a respectful tone and decent language, the students in Saudi Arabia are more likely to abide by the information given in the document. The tone used by the paper is also confident which means that the information given can be taken to be true. Even so, a stern tone is adopted which helps to stress the sobriety of the information being given. The students being communicated to will therefore know that the subject matter (plagiarism) is to be treated with great seriousness.Advertising We will write a cust om critical writing sample on Paper Analysis: Instructional Document about Plagiarism and the Internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The choice in text font is also used to increase communication effectiveness. The document does not make use of any fancy font so as to denote the seriousness of the message being communicated. The font face used for the text throughout the presentation is Times New Roman which is a fairly formal font. The Audience is therefore made to realize that the matter being discussed is of a serious nature. If a cursive text font had been used, the serious nature of the subject may not have been communicated effectively as it was in this case. All the slides contain some words in Arabic which are warning students to refrain from plagiarism. This use of Arabic is effective in reaching out to the Saudi students, most of whom are familiar with the language. It also adds emphasis to the English text in persuading the students not to engage in plagiarism. Less Successful Choices While the document properly serves its purpose in advising against plagiarism, there were not very successful. The first choice is that the document did not make use of the image of the mosque as efficiently as it should have. Having an image of the mosque in every slide would have made the message more effective since it would have reinforced the fact that Islam prohibits plagiarism. Islam is an integral factor in Saudi society and the religion holds great influence in many faucets of the Saudis lives. This fact should have been better used to increase the changes of the paper persuading the students even more. Another less successful choice in the presentation is in the use of transition effects. The document lacks any animation or transition effects. While this has the advantage of ensuring that the students are not unnecessarily distracted from the message being communicated, the presentation may be unappealing fo r the students. Lack of transitions also means that the student can read the contents of an entire slide at a glance. This is a disadvantage when the presentation is being made by a speaker in person. Use of transitions and animations would have made the instructional document even more engaging for the students hence increase its effectiveness. Conclusion In this paper, I set out to analyze the choices in style and content that I made while creating my instructional document on plagiarism. It has been noted that images such as the Mosque and the letter â€Å"F† have been used to convey messages to the students. The color orange has also been exploited to enhance the sobriety of the subject matter.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the analysis done herein, I can conclude that I reached the Case Goal in my instructional document. Even so, this analysis has enabled me to discover that there are things that I could have done to make the paper even more effective in its persuasion efforts. This critical writing on Paper Analysis: Instructional Document about Plagiarism and the Internet was written and submitted by user Evie M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Italian Adjective Order

Italian Adjective Order In general  Italian adjectives  follow the  noun: È una lingua difficile.  (It is a difficult language.)Marina à ¨ una ragazza generosa.  (Marina is a generous girl.) Certain common adjectives, however, generally come before the noun: Anna à ¨ una cara amica.  (Anna is a dear friend.)Gino à ¨ un bravo dottore.  (Gino is a good doctor.)È un bruttaffare.  (Its a bad situation.) The most common adjectives that come before the noun are listed in the table below. Italian Adjectives That Precede Nouns bello beautiful bravo good, able brutto ugly buono good caro dear cattivo bad giovane young grande large; great lungo long nuovo new piccolo small, little stesso same vecchio old vero true But even these adjectives must follow the noun for emphasis or contrast, and when modified by an  adverb: Oggi non porta labito vecchio, porta un abito nuovo.  (Today he is not wearing the old suit, he is wearing a new suit.)Abitano in una casa molto piccola.  (They live in a very small house.)

Pilots Flying Fatigued Alertness in the Skies Essay

Pilots Flying Fatigued Alertness in the Skies - Essay Example A National Transportation Safety Board safety study of U.S. major air carrier accidents attributed to flight crew error from 1978 to 1990 found that in half of the flights crews had been awake for more than 12 hours prior to their accidents. "Crews comprising captains and first officers whose time since awake was above the median for their crew position made more errors overall and significantly more procedural and tactical decision errors" (Strauss, 2007). Fatigue has significant physiological and performance consequences. It is essential that all flight crewmembers remain aware and play their role in flight safety by their observations and actions. As fatigue is a safety concern, this discussion will describe the symptoms of fatigue along with its physical and psychological effects specific to airline pilots. Looking into the factor of pilot fatigue and how it affects the aviation industry in the short and long runs is the concern of this study. The paper will research on the extent of fatigued pilots flying in the skies and the hazards it poses to consumers and the aviation industry in general. Factors that lead to this problem and possible solutions will also be discussed. The study will contribute to a better understanding of the risks the aviation industry is facing when pilots fly their airplanes under fatigued conditions. It is important that consumers have closer insights on the limitations of the pilot. Airline owners need to get a better view of pilots as a special human resource with tremendous roles and responsibility. Knowing what causes fatigue will effectively give solutions to problems that can directly be attributed to pilots flying planes under stressed conditions. Pilot fatigue is a national interest in so much as it is the concern of airline clients and owners. Safety in the skies is a multi million dollar industry because besides human lives, transport goods using airplanes has developed ways of business and lifestyles. Disruption does not only cause delays but also loss of business. The study will therefore contribute to the growing research that is urgently needed by regulating bodies. "The National Transportation Safety Board has cited fatigue as a factor in more than 20 aviation accidents. As a result, addressing the issue of pilot fatigue has been on the NTSB's Most Wanted Safety Improvement List for almost a decade.In order to address the issue of pilot fatigue, the FAA does have regulations in place that limit pilots' hours of service. In addition, since December 1995, the FAA has been working on updating and improving the Federal regulations limiting pilots' flight time. The FAA wants to incorporate the latest research on fatigue into regulations, as well as simplify existing rules, making it easier to respond to changing business practices in the aviation industry." (House of Representatives Report, 1999) Studies help private entities and public officials appreciate the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations. However, studies help improve existing regulations that can prevent accidents from happening. In a fast paced environment where people and machines continuously attain twenty-four hour by seven-day operations, studies like this will share valuable information. Pilots Flying Fatigued Documented accidents have shown that pilot error can be attributed to

Trend Paper- Current Trend in America to End Capitol Punishment Essay

Trend Paper- Current Trend in America to End Capitol Punishment - Essay Example Since then more than 15,000 American citizens have been executed under the death penalty inscribed in its laws and practices, with the first half of the twentieth century marking the period of time in its history, when there was the most prolific use capital punishment (Dieter, 1). The new Millennium has been marked by a rising trend against the use of capital punishment in the laws and practices of America. Drop in execution rates, unwillingness of some states to use capital punishment, and rising exonerations are clear indications of the growing trend in America against capital punishment. A recent Gallup poll confirms the trend against capital punishment, with support for capital punishment reducing among the general American population to the lowest level in the last thirty years (Sarat & Martschukat, 2). There is a clear rising trend against capital punishment in America. ... nt in the American judicial system, it is necessary to evaluate the trend in the attitude of the States and communities that make up the American nation. New Jersey stands out as being the first jurisdiction to remove capital punishment from its judicial system by means of legislative action, in 2006. A commission was appointed by New Jersey for evaluating its capital punishment system, and the commission by a vast majority recommended the removal of the capital punishment system. In Illinois, in 2000, consequent to a near miscarriage of justice, the Governor banned capital punishment, which still remains in place. Attempts to reinstate death penalty that was overturned in 2004 have been strongly resisted by the New York legislature (Dieter, 3). The scenario across America is almost the same, reflecting a clear indication that the death penalty is no longer popularly acceptable across the country. In twelve states death penalty finds no place in their statutes. Among the other 38 sta tes the application of death penalty is less than more, with probably the State of Texas remaining the sole staunch supporter of the continued use of capital punishment. With such clear evidence of mounting resistance to capital punishment across America, there can be no argument against the rising trend against the use of capital punishment in America (Revenge begins to seem less sweet). Arguments for the Removal of Capital Punishment The lethal injection used for capital punishment may be a benign manner of bringing an end to the life of an individual through the judicial process. Yet, many a botched execution, resulting from its use by unqualified personnel or poor management has roused the empathy of the public to the manner in which a condemned man is put to death (Sarat & Martschukat,

The case study of Toyota

The case study of Toyota Through the case study of Toyota we shall understand the concept of operations management better and comprehensively. Before analyzing the operations of Toyota let us know more about the company. Toyota Motor Corporation is Japans leading carmaker. The company has international existence in more than 170 countries across the globe. It manufactures a variety of automobiles including cars, pickups, minivans and SUVs including models such as Camry, Corolla, 4Runner, Land Cruiser, Sienna, the luxury Lexus line, and full-sized pickup trucks. It has enormous financial potency, a sales turnover of 131,511 million for 1997 and sales growth of 29.3%. It is the second largest car maker in the world, following General Motors. Some of the key points of its success include: Successful Brand: Toyota has gradually developed into a trusted brand based on quality, first-class performance and for being eco-friendly. (Lysons Farrington 2005) Innovation Toyota is at the front position of car manufacturing innovation. It was the earliest car maker to embrace lean manufacturing (called Toyota Production System) which is a quicker, more competent process which leads to a lesser amount of waste compared to the conventional batch and queue technique of manufacturing. It in addition applied JIT (Just in Time manufacturing) and smart automation. Product Development Answer to the achievement in the car market is latest models which encourage demand and loyalty to the Toyota brand. Toyota has status for producing cars which are greener, more fuel proficient, and of first-class performance. Toyota has sought after to meet government necessities like reducing the impact on the atmosphere, economic changes including prices of fuel oil persisting to increase by developing of hybrid fuels. Toyota was the earliest car maker to promote hybrid (gas and electric) fuel, with the commencement of Prius model, earlier than its rivals. It effectively entered markets and penetrated them with both manufacturing and sales subsidiaries. Toyota easily gained first mover advantages by existence in internationally strategic markets (Asia, Europe, US) first, whereas its closest opponent (Ford, GM) gained grip in only 2 of (US and Europe). Toyota is well positioned to take lead of the development in South East Asian markets of China and India. Toyota has stimulated to a worldwide manufacturing model. Car manufacturing sites are costly, requiring high fixed cost investment. Toyota has moved its manufacturing site to where factor costs are lesser (with no comprising on quality) and currently manufactures diverse parts of the car and carries out assembly in diverse locations around the globe It has been mainly flourishing at gaining cost efficiencies and compared to the manufacture and assembly of cars in single location.(Management of technology and innovation in Japan, By Cornelius Herstatt, Hugo Tschirky, Christoph Stockstrom ) Major challenges and future outlook for the company: Car manufacturers are constantly facing increasing political and consumer group demands to manufacture cars that are more fuel-efficient and decrease emissions. Saturation, over supply in the developed world, has led producers to look to China, India and up-and-coming markets where population, income and demand is mounting. However, these countries have national brands which are increasing in reputation. Oil prices upsetting the price of fuel. Consumers handling of cars are declining. Faced with increased operation costs, consumers are reported to be using their vehicles less to bank on household costs. Governments across Europe are encouraging car-share and substitute forms of transportation. These factors are disturbing the demand for latest cars. Varying demographics: The size of families has been declining. This has condensed the demand for bigger cars, and an upswing in demand for fuel proficient smaller cars. After understanding about the company along with its problems and solutions we shall study in detail about the operations management of Toyota Motor Corporation. As we are already aware that automobile industry is huge and is popularly split into two categories namely, commercial vehicles and cars. Even as General Motors is the worlds largest automobile producer, the situation of car market is rather different due to sudden changes stimulated by Japanese counterpart Toyota racing ahead. Recently, Toyota has gained worlds leading car manufacturer label having about 17% market share, followed by GM and Ford who have approximately 15 and 12 per cent market share, respectively. (Toyota Culture, By Liker ) Processes under consideration for Toyota Motor Corporation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operations are the second pillar supporting production activities. As already studied above, operations are associated to the flow of equipment and operators. Improvements in operations management has been long emphasized in the Toyota production system. Operations have three fundamental components preparation and after-adjustment, principal operations and marginal allowances. (Shingo Dillon 1989)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These are known as setup change operations which generally take place before and after the production of every lot. They are considered useful operations in the company. Earlier majority of the production took place in large lots because setup changeovers took a lot of time. Under those situations, producing in larger lots resulted in lower labor costs however it also caused an undesirable upscale in in-process stock. SMED setups The fundamental assumption behind the economic lot size, although is the sudden reductions in changeover is quite impractical and impossible. The development of SMED setups has led to the collapse of this assumption and the requirement for such economic lots to disappear. Making use of SMED to reduce setup times is usually regarded as a means to enhance the operating rates of machines without any doubt. It must not be forgotten, that greater profits are gained by application of SMED to process enhancements like using smaller lot production to eliminate stocks or getting rid of finished product inventories through the usage of rapid changeovers for order-based production. The second element of operational improvement understands of the concept of standard operations. In this section of our paper we shall completely explore this concept existing within the Toyota production system and its three temporal aspects.( Just-in-time for operators, By Prod Press, Productivity Press Development Team) Standard operations and the Toyota production system   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standard worksheets and the data contained in them are essential aspects of the Toyota production system. For any production personnel to be able to write a standard work sheet that is understandable by other workers, requires being self convinced by its importance. The company has eliminated waste by analyzing available resources, improving machining processes, installing autonomous systems, improvising tools and optimizing the quantity of materials available at hand. At the same time high production efficiency should also be maintained by putting an end to recurrence of defective products, operational mistakes and accidents and by encouraging workers to present their ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By maintaining a standard work sheet efficiently Toyota to a great extent could keep a track on its production system and was able to eliminate any type of wastages or obstructions. A standard work sheet competently combines materials, workers and machines to manufacture effectively. In Toyota, this process is known as work combination which is a result of standard work procedure. The list clearly enlists three aspects of the standard work procedure as: Cycle Time Work Sequence Standard Inventory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cycle time is the time which is allotted to manufacture one piece or unit. This is determined by the production quantity, which means the quantity required and the operating time. Quantity required per day can be calculated by quantity required in a month divided by the months number of operating days. In majority of the cases, delay takes place due to the differences in the operator motion and sequence. The job of the field supervisor, section chief is to effectively train workers which is possible through clear instruction sequence. Standard inventory refers to the minimum intra-process work-in-progress required for operations to take place. In Toyota production system, the condition that parts have to reach just-in-time implies that standard inventories need to met more meticulously. With the inclusion of just in just-in-time it means that if the parts arrive any time earlier to their requirement and not at the time when it is needed actually, then wastage cannot be eliminated. In Toyota production system, overproduction is entirely prevented by kanban. Consequently, there is no requirement for additional inventory and thus no requirement for warehouse and its manager. (Lowson 2002) Operations Management and its Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For any business organization, the value added by both operations management and operations strategy is fundamental and basic. The operational activities are fundamental to the provision of goods and services. Every organization offers a product and service combination. Eating a meal in a restaurant, purchasing a pair of Pepe Jeans, insuring an automobile; all have operations activities and their management is vital to the successful provision of goods and services. Operations management has its roots in the study of production and manufacturing management. Definition of operations management can be put across in the following words, The design, operation and improvement of the internal and external systems, resources and technologies that create and deliver the firms primary product and service combinations (Ramsay n.d).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To the extent organization structure is concerned, a few firms would have discrete operations function. It might be called a manufacturing department, an operation system or have no recognizable name itself. Although, it is a fundamental and essential function similar to marketing and accounting having professionally skilled operations or products manager. In different organizations these managers shall have different titles, a store manager for a retailer, distributions manager in a logistics company and so on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the definition above, operations management is a concept which extends beyond the limits of internal production or manufacturing. Currently, it encompasses other additional activities including purchasing, distribution, product and process design, etc. Additionally, there would too be external managerial responsibilities at a supply network level which covers a large number of interconnections amongst external firms. (Betz, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is seen that the study of operations management and operations strategy is comparatively newer discipline, when compared with a lot of social and natural sciences. In the definition of Operations management we made use of the term Product and Services combination which is an important point to be noted. The type of products or services has significant implications for operations management and operations strategy. Another important point is that in operations management goods and services are two distinct activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizations undertaking different diverse activities in providing variety of products and service often have many suppliers and customers. The concept of flexibility plays an important role operations management and it is a subject exercising the minds of many managers in todays modern organizations. The analysis of any operational activity is not a simple task as there are several important techniques which help the process. (Hutchins 1999) Value Adding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Value added is basically associated with how well an organization matches its product and service combination to the identified needs of its selected customers. Michael Porter (1985) comments, In competitive terms, value is the amount of buyers is voluntarily paying for what a firm provides them. Value is measured by total revenue, a reflection of the price a firms product commands and the units it can sell. Creating a value for buyers that exceeds the cost of doing so is the goal of any generic strategy (Ramsay n.d). Usually a single firm would not take up all these primary and secondary activities. As it is a known fact, firms are increasingly becoming reliant upon others in their supply network. Kanban   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With an enhanced tool, we could be able to achieve wonderful outcomes. But if it is used wrongly, then this very tool can make things worse. Kanban is amongst those tools which is used incorrectly could lead to a number of problems. To correctly employ Kanban, we need to firstly understand its role and then subsequently establish the rules for its usage. Kanban is a technique to achieve just-in-time; its aim is as the name suggests just-in-time. Kanban, in true sense becomes the autonomic nerve of the production line. In this, production workers begin to work themselves and make their individual decisions regarding overtime work. The kanban system also clarifies what should be executed by managers and supervisors. Thus, it promotes improvement in both work and equipment. The objective of elimination of wastage is too highlighted by kanban. Its implementation demonstrated what is waste, allowing creative study and enhancement proposals. Complete Analysis of Waste While thinking about the absolute elimination of waste, the company has to keep two things in mind: Improving efficiency can make sense only when it is linked to cost reduction. To be able to achieve this, Toyota has to begin producing only those items which use least manpower. Consider the efficiency of every operator and of every line. Then take a look at the operators as a group and subsequently at the efficiency of the whole plant. Efficiency requires to be enhanced at every stage and at the same time for the entire plant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By successful elimination of these wastes shall entirely enhance the operating efficiency by a wider scale. To accomplish this, Toyota must make only the quantity required, thus eliminating surplus manpower. The companys management is responsible to recognize excess manpower and use it efficiently. Total Quality Management: TQM is a group of management customs throughout the business, geared to make sure the organization constantly meets or exceeds customer necessities. TQM places strong concentration on process measurement and controls as way of constant development. A complete, organization-wide attempt to develop the quality of products and services, appropriate to every organization. Through the implementation of TQM, senior management will authorize all levels of management, together with self management at worker level, to handle quality system. TQM focuses on: Focuses on constant development. Recognizes responsibility of everybody in the business. Views business as an internal system with a concentrated aim. Focuses on the means responsibilities are accomplished. Emphasizes on joint effort. Direct benefits of TQM are as follows: Amplified satisfaction of workmanship amongst individual workers Improved willingness. Enhanced sustainability caused by extended time among equipment failures Comparison of Theory with Practice Value Adding Value chain analysis could be utilized to describe the activities within and around the Toyota and associate them to the competitive strength of Toyota i.e. the capability to offer value for money products and services. Therefore, the approach is based upon the requirement to recognize separate organizational activities and examine their value added. Different resources including people, machinery, information etc. should be deployed into activities, routines and systems which produce the requisite value. (Liker Hoseus 2008) Primary activities: Inbound logistics: Receiving, storing and distributing the inputs to Toyota Operations: Transforming inputs into outputs. Outbound logistics: Storing and Distribution and delivery of product and service combinations. (Lowson 2002) Marketing and sales: A means through which consumers are made aware of and can buy automobiles. Services: It includes those activities which improve the value of a automobile. Support Activities: Procurement: It is the process of acquiring the resource inputs to all the different primary activities across the entire company. Technology development: All the activities are performed with the help of technology which includes know-how and knowledge, whether concerned directly with products or services or processes. Human Resource management includes all those activities like recruitment, managing, training, developing and reward system. Infrastructure: This includes the broader aspect planning, finance, quality control and information management. Kanban and its usage in Toyota Production Line Within a production plant, kanban is a powerful force to decrease manpower and inventory, elimination of defective products and preventing recurrence of breakdowns. Market diversification in Toyota can be seen through the variety of cars, SUVs and commercial vehicles it manufactures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To illustrate, considering Corolla, the worlds largest mass-produced car during the late 70s, a definite production plan can be set up on a monthly basis. The total number of cars needed can be divided by the number of working days (which is the number of days on which actual production could be carried out) to the level the number of cars to be manufactured in a day. By studying each process like this, we could keep diversification and production leveling in harmony and still respond to customer orders in a periodic manner. Kanban enhances productivity and always moves with the required goods and thus becomes a work order for every process. In this manner, a kanban can easily stop any kind of overproduction, which is the largest loss in production for any company including Toyota.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To make sure that Toyota has 100% defect-free goods, they set up a system which automatically informs them if any process generating defective product is identified. Processes in Toyota mostly require just-in-time system which doesnt require any additional inventory. So, if the earlier process is generating defective parts, the subsequent process should stop the line. Additionally, everybody sees when this took place and the defective part is returned back to the previous process. Until such kind of defective work is decreased, it becomes complicated to assure a sufficient supply for the subsequent process to withdraw or to accomplish the aims of producing as economically as possible. An effort to thoroughly stabilize and rationalize the processes is the solution to comprehensively implement automation. (Betz 2003) Complete Analysis of Waste During 1950 labor dispute over manpower reduction and the ensuing business boom of the Korean War, Toyota struggled with a problem of how to scale up its production without increasing its manpower. The product manager came up with an idea and following means. For instance, one production line consists of 10 workers and manufactures 100 products yearly. This implies the line capacity is 100 pieces every day and the productivity per individual is 10 pieces a day. Examining the line and workers more in detail, one notices overproduction, workers waiting and other unnecessary movements depending upon the time of the day. If we try to enhance this situation and reduce manpower by 2 workers. The fact that 8 workers could produce 100 pieces every day suggests that Toyota could easily grab up to 125 pieces every day, increasing efficiency with no need of decreasing manpower. However, even earlier the company could manage the same efficiency but it was getting wasted due to unnecessary work a nd overproduction. This implies that if Toyota regards only work which is required as real work and defines rest as wastage, the equation given below holds true for both individual as well as the entire product line: Present Capacity= Work + Waste True efficiency improvement can take place only when there is zero waste and bring the percentage of work to 100%. As in the case of Toyota production system, they must manufacture only the quantity required, manpower should be reduced to trim excess capacity and the match needed quantity. (Lysons Farrington 2005) The initial step in the direction of application of Toyota production system is to recognize wastes entirely: Waste of overproduction Waste of time on hand (waiting) Waste of transportation Waste of processing Waste of stock in hand (inventory) Waste of movement Waste of manufacturing defective products Total Quality Management As already known, Toyota is famous across the worldwide market for automobiles and a number of studies done earlier emphasize the importance of linkage between quality and profitability. Profit margin can be altered by either commanding premium price in the market or decreasing the production cost. One of the most important aims of quality management is to satisfy customers which shall automatically lead to increased market share through more sales. Toyota has become number one car maker and its success is based on reputation of high quality. Cost reduction has been amongst the primary reason for Toyota to adopt TQM. Furthermore, cost cutting and improving the efficiency could focus on managers who are not very successful in implementation of TQM. Initially high quality costs would be higher for the management but over a period of time this application of TQM could decrease the costs. Those companies other than Toyota which focus on TQM are able to concentrate on errors. Toyota Produ ction system needs that what, when, where, why and how questions must be asked and answered for each of its defects. This helps in improvising their quality and reducing errors to the least minimum. (http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache%3AFyNsRG5iRWEJ%3Awww.delhibusinessreview.com%2Fv8n1%2F5.pdf+TQM+toyotahl=engl=insig=AHIEtbQStbbXQCHIKERt25d6KsGCNNjpMApli=1) Impact of quality on Customer satisfaction Toyota has successfully retained its number one ranking in the car market because of adapting to the practice of lean thinking which is not just limited to products and manufacturing processes but also to relationships with its customers and work force. Toyota has successfully marketed itself and through its activities which need product design, customer relationship building, technical service support for vehicles, brand development, and advertising and sales promotion capabilities. All this has led to a large customer base for the company which has helped it achieve its ranking in the market. Quality has been its key aim and it has already been studied earlier in the paper. Customers wish to get good quality products and Toyota successfully accomplishes its objective. Recommendations for improvement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the paper comes to an end I shall quickly run through the principles of success adopted by Toyota Motor Corporation to become the worlds largest car maker. Successfully adapting to Technology In industry presently, the most important keyword is Flexibility. Everyone wishes to be as flexible as possible and Toyota is no exception. Initially, the factor allowing Toyota to compete with global players was its flexibility. For the company, flexibility doesnt imply pushing the latest and most recent technology onto its current operations and struggling to adapt to such changes. Make use of only thoroughly tested and verified technology which not only serves people but also the processes. Here again testing involves both existing technology and fresh or cutting edge technology which Toyota has comprehensively evaluated and proved that it is functional. (Lowson 2002) Individuals drive continuous enhancement Toyota has right from the beginning invested in people and in return obtains committed and loyal associated who come to work every day and on time and are constantly enhancing their operations. The company followed the principle of developing exceptional persons and teams who followed companys philosophy by first glancing at the system dynamics of the organization. Building excellent team who understands and backs the companys existing culture is simply not a matter of adopting trouble-free solutions or a reflection of applying motivational and inspirational theories. The backbone of management approach is to train exceptional people and building individual work groups with successfully integrated social system with the technical system. Look out for solid partners and grow together Initially when Toyota begun building automobiles, it didnt have the requisite capital or equipment for building the collection of components needed to build a car. Toyota accomplished this after hunting for reliable and dependable suppliers and entered into partnerships with them. During the initial stages company didnt not have sufficient volumes to offer a lot of business to its suppliers. So it offered its partners with the opportunity to grow their business mutually and benefit together. (Lysons Farrington 2005) The company has grown gradually by keeping up to its principles and standards into a successful and well-liked car manufacturer across the globe. Through this paper we have comprehensively studied the operations of the Toyota Motors Corporation and also better understood the concept of operations management and its importance in business organizations. References Betz, F., (2003).Managing Technological Innovation. New York: John Wiley. Hutchins, D., (1999).Just in Time. Aldershot: Gower. Liker, J., Hoseus, M. (2008).Toyota Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lowson, R., (2002).Strategic Operations Management. New York: Routledge. Lu, D., (1989).Kanban Just-in-Time at Toyota. Portland: Productivity Press. Lysons, K., Farrington, B. (2005).Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. New York: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Shingo, S., Dillon, A. (1989).A Study of the Toyota Production System from an Industrial Engineering Viewpoint. Portland: Productivity Press. Ramsay, J. n.d. The real meaning of value in trading relationships. [Online] http://demo1.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet;jsessionid=798394907C676578F45AC5B85550736B?contentType=ArticleFilename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/0240250603.pdf [Accessed January 14, 2010]